Drug trade between Mexico and the United states Research Paper

Drug trade between Mexico and the United states - Research Paper Example The transshipment of drugs from Mexico across the international border to the United States is not a new phenomenon. Geographically adjacent to the United States it is perfectly positioned as a transshipment point for drugs from other parts of the world. Very little cocaine is grown or processed in Mexico. Rather, it is grown and processed in South American countries such as Peru, Bolivia and Columbia and then shipped to Mexico to be taken across the border into the United States. Much marijuana is grown in Mexico but,again, even more is shipped to Mexico and then across the border to the United States. That said, the behavior of traffickers has changed recently. The shipment of illegal substances to the United States holds the promise of huge profits for those engaged in the trade. The pursuit of these profits has made the cartels – the organizations engaged in smuggling – to become increasingly violent recently, particularly since President Calderà ³n declared war on the drug cartels shortly after coming into office in 2006. The Mexican border states have become much like a war zone with heavily armed military units on the street (since the President deemed local police too corrupt to deal with the cartels) and frequent firefights between the military and the cartels. According to The L.A. Times 28,288 people have died in Mexico since January 2007 as a result of the drug wars. (â€Å"Mexico Under Siege – The Drug War on Our Doorstep†, 2010) Mexico as a whole is not an extremely dangerous place to live or visit. It is less safe than the United States or the United States northern neighbor Canada. However, it is as safe as Jamaica or Israel for visitors and residents. However, this is not the case in the border states. According to The Washington Post, â€Å"The bloodshed is geographically concentrated in key trafficking corridors, notably in the states of Sinaloa, Chihuahua and Tamaulipas.† While Mexico

Thomas Midgley Jr. Essay Example for Free

Thomas Midgley Jr. Essay Born on May 18, 1889, American engineer and chemist Thomas Midgley, Jr. was controversial for two of his discoveries. One, he discovered the Freon while working for General Motors in 1930. He intended it to be a safe non-toxic refrigerant to be used in household appliances, to replace the dangerous refrigerants used before like ammonia and propane. Freon and other CFCs soon replaced the various toxic or explosive substances previously used as refrigerants, and were later used in other applications, such as propellants in aerosol spray cans and asthma inhalers. The Society of Chemical Industry awarded Midgley the Perkin Medal in 1937 for this work. However, Midgleys discovery resulted in damage to the earths Ozone layer. Two, Midgely discovered the effectiveness of tetraethyl lead as an antiknock additive for gasoline. On October 30, 1924, Midgley participated in a press conference to demonstrate the safety of TEL. In this demonstration, he poured TEL over his hands, then placed a bottle of the chemical under his nose and inhaled its vapor for sixty seconds, declaring that he could do this every day without succumbing to any problems whatsoever. However, the State of New Jersey ordered the Bayway plant to be closed a few days later, and Jersey Standard was forbidden to manufacture TEL there again without state permission. Midgley himself was careful to avoid mentioning to the press that he required nearly a year to recover from the lead poisoning brought on by his demonstration at the press conference. He sought treatment for lead poisoning in Europe a few months after his demonstration at the press conference. Midgley was relieved of his position as vice president of GMCC but continued to work for them. Midgley died three decades before the ozone depleting effects of CFCs in the atmosphere became widely known. Another adverse effect of Midgleys work was the release of large quantities of lead into the atmosphere as a result of the large-scale combustion of leaded gasoline all over the world. High atmospheric lead levels have been associated with serious health problems. J. R. McNeill, an environmental historian, has remarked that Midgley had more impact on the atmosphere than any other single organism in Earths history.

Sheriff Matt Dillon: Human or Lawman? :: Television TV

Sheriff Matt Dillon: Human or Lawman? Gunsmoke, starring William Conrad as Sheriff Matt Dillon, was the longest running western radio program ever to air. It is the story of a country that moved west, and the man who moved with it. Matt Dillon's fairness, caring, and stern attitude epitomize the stereotypical old-west lawman. Matt Dillon's fairness comes through clearly when he deals with a would-be gunman and a man posing as a gunman in "The Lamb" (12-05-53). When the latter was shot by the would-be gunman, Dillon threw the gunman in jail and sent the other man to the doctor. When he found out that the injured man had only been mistaken for a well-known gunman, he sounds very disappointed for both men. He doesn't let the gunman have the reward money that he would have received if the other man had been the outlaw he had mistaken him for and when that man dies, he faces being hanged. Matt Dillon's caring attitude enables a young woman named Nina Peters to stay in Dodge while her husband has to leave for a while ("Nina" 12-5-53). When her husband returns, he finds out that a couple of ruffians have caused her to have a miscarriage. Dillon allows Mr. Peters to fight one of the men who hurt Nina. Dillon seems almost pleased that Peters was able to beat up the bully and offers to buy him a drink afterward. Dillon uses a stern manner deal with a couple of ruffians in "Kick Me" (11-26-53). The men had written a false letter of recommendation, telling an old Indian that it would get him a job with the trail herd. In return for getting him kicked out of the camp, the old Kiowa made Indian medicine against him. When one of the men ended up dead, Dillon jumped to the conclusion that the Indian had killed him. He was adamant about his innocence, and the dead man's partner ended up confessing to the killing. Dillon dealt with him accordingly.

Financial Modelling

Financial Modeling Discipline – Guiding Principles A good financial analyst has the discipline of adhering to a list of guiding principles to help ensure that the development of the financial model achieves the desired results. By following these simple steps, a financial  analyst should be able to build a financial model that is simple, accurate and most importantly consistent, to help build confidence in a financial decision making process. Financial Modeling Discipline can be acquired in all 3 stages of the financial modeling process: †¢ Specification Stage Design Stage †¢ Build Stage Specification Stage 1. Be very clear on the effort involved and the dependencies before committing to deadlines –  the financial modeling exercise is usually on the critical path! 2. Get the algebra right — make sure all revenues, cash flow inwards and assets are positive while expenses, cash outflows and liabilities are negative. This will ensure that we rarely use the minus sign in formulae and can use the sum() function. 3. Avoid all calculations that will cause circular references. Design Stage 1.Ensure that each assumption is input only once in a financial model. 2. Define scenario variables clearly in a separate â€Å"Scenario manager† section or worksheet in the financial model. 3. Define the time unit that is to be used consistently throughout the financial model. 4. Group all assumptions and inputs into one sheet and state units clearly in the financial model. 5. Avoid executing complex calculations in the â€Å"Output section† of the financial model. 6. Build an Interface sheet if you are working with a financial model with multiple workbooks.Build Stage 1. Always note all assumptions, sources and calculation methods in the financial model for future reference. 2. Avoid complicated macros in the financial model if possible – macros make it difficult to follow logic, spot errors or amend the financial model, besid es bloating the file size. 3. Lay all financial model calculations in chronological order – Avoid having calculations in one row refer to calculations in lower rows. 4. Do not try to do too much in one cell with a large complex calculation formula. Break the calculation into blocks.Lay the financial model calculations out in blocks, to enable copying formulae across columns or down rows saving time in developing and reviewing financial models. 5. All financial model calculation and output sections should be locked to avoid inadvertent data entry therein. 6. Include charts in the output section for easy understanding, analysis and auditing of the financial model. 7. Always keep back-ups preferably on separate disks and leave the ‘autosave’ option on for your financial model workbook. 8. Stick to a consistent version labelling system eg â€Å"company xyz_2/2/09_V02_DC†.Save several versions of your financial model each day and retain old versions. 9. Avoid j umping to conclusions / sharing results based on preliminary financial model results. Common Mistakes in Financial Modeling While reviewing and auditing financial models, a good financial analyst should be alert to the common types of errors that often plague financial models. These are often less due to errors in Excel or other financial model applications you may be using, and more because of human error in formulating calculations or conversions in a financial model. Common Errors in Financial Modeling: 1.Conversion factors (kilobytes to megabytes, monthly to annual, millions  to thousands, etc). 2. Range included in totals (certain rows not included). 3. Calculation formula not replicated  across columns. 4. Wrong row references in calculation formula. 5. Wrong column references in starting  time period  (each column should typically contain references only from that column). 6. Change in cell references in formulae referring to other workbooks. 7. Algebraic errors (wron g use of brackets, plus/minus errors). 8. Range limits not set (eg, having negative  number of customers or negative distributor commission payments). . Hard coded dummy numbers / assumptions perpetuating in the financial model due to oversight. 3 Golden rules for Financial Analysts to Avoid Errors in Financial Models: 1. Be diligent when building the financial model, a little concentration and attention to detail early on will save you a lot of time and work later.2. Ask another person not in the financial modeling team to conduct a detailed audit, very often a fresh pair of eyes may spot errors then are’nt obvious to someone who’s been looking at the same spreadsheet for days or weeks on end. . Perform sanity checks on outputs through benchmarking exercises, always use your common sense and business knowledge to ensure that the results of your financial model (e. g. individual product revenues or cost items, etc) are realistic and aligned with what you may expect t hem to be. Designing a Financial Model – Making it Idiot Proof Always design a financial model for people who did not build it and for people with limited understanding of financial modeling and analysis techniques.This will help you ensure the usefulness and relevance of the financial model, and preserve its longevity long after you have completed the financial modeling exercise. In each financial model workbook, you will typically need some or all of the following worksheets: 1. Administration and documentation 2. Assumptions 3. Major blocks such as marketing or capital expenditure (CAPEX) 4. Calculation of revenues, costs, balance sheets, ratios, cashflows 5. Scenario managers and displaysTo enable modular team working, clarity in use and easy auditing, use a standard financial model design template and color codes developed specifically for your company, and ensure that everyone gets familiar with the standardized format. In that way, the entire company will have a single approach to formatting financial models. All users, be they senior executives or junior financial analysts, will then be able to differentiate between cells in the financial model that are hard coded, calculations or outputs, and intepret different financial models from different teams without ambiguity.

The Pacific Legend-Maui

Introduction The gods played an important part in the daily lives of Polynesian in early pacific islands. Perhaps the most deeply loved of Polynesian god is Maui. Although the legend of demi-god Maui is always be descript as the mischief maker or trickster god, but the Maui story probably has a larger number of unique and ancient myths than that of any other legendary character in the mythology of any nation. â€Å"There are three centers for these Maui legends, New Zealand in the south, Hawaii in the north, and the Tahitian group including the Hervey Islands in the east. (â€Å"LEGENDS OF MAUI† 2007) Following are versions of summary â€Å"THE GIANT EEL† told on the island of Maui, Hawaii. Summary of â€Å"The Giant eel† (from the book of â€Å"Maui Mischievous Hero† 1969) As Maui had grown to manhood, his mother went for a lengthy stay on the island of Hawaii. Maui began making the long trip to see his grandmother in Haleakala. Besides, there are always had good things to eat! Plenty of bananas, breadfruit, coconuts, poi, and fish of all kinds. Grandma said â€Å"what are grandmothers for, if not to look out for grandchildren who come to see them? † One day a cloud hung suspended in the air like a misty pillar.Like an omen that frightened him. Grandmother said â€Å"It’s a cry for help, be quick, Maui! That is the Ao-‘opua, the Warning Cloud. Your mother is in danger! † He grabbed the magic axe ran so fast that he couldn’t stop, he reached the ocean and jumped into his canoe, paddle across the channel to save his mother. At last, he arrived his mother’s cave. He saw his mother’s enemy, the giant eel Kuna Loa. Kuna Loa had once asked Maui’s mother to marry him, and when she refused he was so angry that he swore he would get even with her. Maui throw the hot lava rocks into the river tried to scare the giant eel Kuna Loa away.When he made his way back to the cave, he expressed t he missing affection to his mother, and hope his mother can come back with him. However as grandmother said â€Å"Maui’s mother is a roving soul† As the result Maui’s mother refused to go back with Maui. Back on Maui own island, he heard a faint wailing sound that uttering a chant of fear, Maui’s mother is in trouble again. As swiftly as before, he journeyed to Hawaii Island again. This time Maui wasted no time he used the magical axe struck again and again, the giant eel was cut thousand pieces. It is said that these bits where they became the eels that are found in it today. Come, Mother† Maui held her still and asked again,† when are you coming home, where I can take proper care of you? † â€Å"Some day, â€Å"she said lightly. â€Å"some day I’ll come. † Conclusion â€Å"There are many Maui legends appear with variations throughout of the Pacific islands. The details of the stories also vary with different cultures b ut the underlying morals and role model remains much the same† (Dean Web1). In the legend of â€Å"The Giant Eel† its shows the Maui’s mixture of human and godlike qualities. The affection between his mother and his grandmother, reflected the family relationship in nowadays tribal society.The parents are the â€Å"roving soul† trying to find a good job and leaving the hometown, and the grandparents are the next kin to taking care of their young children without doubt. As well the channel as the barrier that become generation gap in the family. At last, the giant eel symbolized temptations of modern society which are danger but cannot be avoided. However, every time an omen or sound of chant comes, Maui will be a hero to save his mother but every time his mother also refused to come back and offered an unachievable promise that seems to comfort Maui.Therefore, in the end of story as godlike as Maui only can be desperately watching his mother as she went bac k toward her cave and helpless. Legends of Maui have been told and retold for so many centuries, and I believed the legends will reminiscence and encourage in very ways for the later generation. Also help us understand people who lived long ago. References: 1. W. D. Westervelt (2009) â€Å"Legends of Maui†, a Demi-God of Polynesia. Preface. 2. 9-11 2. Lyons, Barbara. (1969) â€Å"Maui :mischievous hero†. The Giant EEL. 25. summary. 3. Dean, n. d. Web. â€Å"Legends of Maui. † Review. Web log post. Legends of Maui. .

Compare and contrast London by William Blake with Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth Essay Example

Compare and contrast London by William Blake with Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth Essay Example Compare and contrast London by William Blake with Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth Paper Compare and contrast London by William Blake with Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth Paper Essay Topic: Poetry This essay will look at the two poems London by William Blake and Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth. It will compare and look at the differences between the mood and general message given by the two poems. Both poems are set in London and describe a day in the life of London. Reading the two poems the reader realises how the poets different experiences of London clearly influence the way they picture the city. William Wordsworths poem Composed upon Westminster Bridge is all about Londons beauty and all of its glory. He describes it as if it was far away and is looking at it like a landscape. It is thought that the poem was actually written on Westminster Bridge or the idea came to him when on the bridge. Whereas Wordsworths London describes London as a beautiful, silent and calm place, London by William Blake takes a much darker turn describing a cruel, dark and impoverished London where everyone is miserable, fearful and young girls are forced into prostitution. Blake, who lived in London, wanted to highlight the way people were living and wanted it to change. Wordsworth was a pantheist which means he believed god was in nature and everything living, and not in a church with expensive ornaments. He looked at London from a more relaxed angle and not as close-up as Blake who described people and streets rather than buildings. The 2 poets are both describing the same place, but with different opinions and subjects. Blakes opening line is I wander through each chartered street. The first line shows that he disapproves of the streets of London for being so busy. He focuses on the people walking through the streets and how they all seem to be unhappy or ill. Marks of weakness, marks of woe. He shows us London at its worst, with children of all ages working as chimney sweeps in dangerous conditions and young prostitutes ending up with unwanted births. He shows us a London in which people would not want to live in and which needs to change for the better. Every blackening church appals, and the hapless soldiers sigh. This line from the poem shows that he is suggesting it is the Churchs fault for turning a blind eye to the suffering around them, and also the governments for not getting the soldiers to help the public and keep order. This, compared with Wordsworths message, which is soothing and describes London as a beautiful, calm place, is very contradictory. This would make readers think about how the writers different experiences would have a big impact on the message and imagery of the poems. In Wordsworths poem he sounds inspired by London and its beauty. He talks about how London blends into the countryside; theatres and temples lie open unto the fields. He also describes the river; the river glideth at his own sweet will whereas Blake describes it as: near where the chartered Thames does flow. These 2 quotes show the very different opinions of the poets. Wordsworth also talks about the marvellous buildings showing the best of mankinds achievements. The structure of Blakes poem is quite simple with a nursery rhyme style. He uses simple rhyming couplets but he conveys a complex message with it. In the poem he builds up the tension, despair and bad imagery and ends with the line: blights with plague the marriage hearse. This quote suggests that Blake thinks that in the hard life of London it is hard maybe even pointless to have a marriage. Another message of despair for London in the poem is in the 3rd stanza where there is an acrostic that reads HEAR. This is another way of reaching out to the reader asking them to help London. Wordsworth has written his poem as a sonnet which is more commonly used for lovers or something of high praise. He, like Blake, brings his poem to a climax but his is of wonder and amazement at what he sees around him. Wordsworth uses enjambment in his poem so that the lines run over each other making it calmer and reflective, very different from Blakes short repetitive lines which sound sadder. There are some strong emotions shown by the writers in each poem. Such as Blake whose anger shows throughout the poem with words such as: blackening, curse and weakness. He is unhappy and angry with society and wants to scare and shock the reader into doing something about the problem. Wordsworths emotions are more of awe at the sight before him. His poem is slow and calm but grows to a climax where he is excited to just talk about London. This is shown by the exclamation marks in the last few lines of the poem. Blakes use of repetition in his poem is quite effective with imagery and tone. The repetition of chartered gives the sense that if both the river and streets are chartered, is there such a place where it is calm in London? When he repeats the words marks, it gives the idea that everyone on the street is ill and in need of help and has been marked in a way by London. In the 2nd stanza with the repetition of every he describes how he hears the mind-forged manacles where everyone must suffer and be subjected to the same pointless tasks if they are to survive. Blake makes good use of dark colours in his poem; they help with the imagery of a cruel and violent London, the dark colours help to convey feelings of corruption and the midnight curses and tears give a sense of chaos. Wordsworth on the other hand uses soothing, calm similes and personification, such as: the river glideth at his own sweet will. He uses this language instead of strong metaphors like Blake uses. His last line reads: And all that mighty heart is lying still! . Maybe with the words mighty heart he is suggesting that London is the heart of Britain and that he is amazed that something so vital could be stationary. In this poem, Blake is trying to shock readers into action, and I believe it is essentially a plea to the people who can actually make the difference, like the government, rich businessmen and royals. He describes all the bad points of London with no sign of anything worth seeing there, almost like a warning. For me it has made me realise that things were a lot worse than I thought. Its also made me realise that things in London in the present day havent changed much. The roads are actually chartered in central London with an expensive congestion charge, the rivers have strict rules for boats and moorings, many people have a very low income and can only just get by. This is even with a policy called London Weighting, which means people will earn higher wages than they would for doing the same job somewhere outside of London, due to the high cost of living in London. Of course, in this day and age, there isnt any child prostitution on the streets because of the law now but there is a lot of illegal adult prostitution all over London. Blake was delivering a message to readers of poverty and corruption within the government and, with people like Blake, the situation has come to change where there is a proper police force that helps the needy and a church where people can go for help and support. I think it was quite brave of him to do this because of the ways people who wanted change for the common people often got into trouble or were killed by the government and church so as not to start rebellions. Wordsworths poem, in contrast to Blakes poem and message, seems almost naive. This is because he looks at the city and is in awe of its beauty and splendour, but he describes it as if there could be no wrong in London at all, looking at a picture of it and cant see the pain, suffering and unpleasantness in the streets. Personally, if it wasnt for his pantheist beliefs, it would feel as though he had been told to write it by a higher authority so as to describe only the parts of London which werent affected by misery and poverty.

Article Critique on Diversity Essays

Article Critique on Diversity Essays Article Critique on Diversity Essay Article Critique on Diversity Essay Methods Using other published articles as reference, a comparison of the public policies in Japan, Switzerland, France, Germany, United Kingdom, and Canada were compared to ) explain diversity among countries and the policies for managing ageing work forces, 2) to show applicable remedies to convince firms to keep older workers. Evidence of Thesis Support The author offered a comprehensive approach to the trends and illustrated the connection between the company practices and these trends, even if not always equally thorough. Despite the strength in making those comparisons, the author did not reach his full potential, while the diversity was presented In the studies, the results were loss because the articles were cited In one mall paragraph so there was o connection between and country and where the information was derived. The supporting evidence was confusing and ambiguous, in an overview of employment/ unemployment policies towards older workers the similarities and differences between countries needed to be clearly identified. The remedies were equally limited, an adjustment to the procedures for assigning employees to Jobs and motivating workers was one of the remedies, however those procedures were not illustrate In the article. Further, the public policy that the author advocates as having little success has not been identified. To get insight and gain a better understanding one would have to read all the individual articles on which this one was formed Contribution to the Literature Contributions which correspond to the alma of the article are more Interesting and thorough.. Gill Gorton, 2001) In the Dynamics of Managing Diversity: A Critical Approach explains the clear differences between encouraging the exit of older workers through retirement, public policies and the legislative protection against discrimination. On a European-wide comparison, specific age-related legislation is emitted In France, workers aged fifty to fifty-four who are made redundant are excluded from the state pension, and the em ployer is forces to bare the cost (pig. 44). Kiloton advocates for stronger public policy In older workers to encourage employers to Turner develop tenet own strategies. ) In Social Protection versus Economic Flexibility: Is There a Trade-off makes similar arguments for looking at the legislative policy. Blank states Japan has a seniority-earning profile which creates an incentive for firms to dismiss their older workers, however, unlike the United States older workers are less likely to be dismissed. Sweden uses a seniority rule for dismissal, older workers are explicitly protected by legislation, workers over eager 45 must be given six months notice of dismissal, and employers must try to find other Jobs for those who have lost the ability to perform usual Jobs (pig 206). Recommendations The article argues the dynamics of policies in countries determine retirement or retention at age 55; to strength the article a more in depth analysis of the organizational cultures would be included. In addition, statistics on the percentage f people over age 55 in those countries to show a comparison of the employment and unemployment rates of older workers. A more in depth explanation on why there are trends would be to include what the demand is for Jobs versus the supply of human capital, whether the labor skills in these countries can or cannot meet the demand. Key questions to answer in the article are do firms fire older workers when there is a downturn in business? Social programs and how it determines the breakdown of the employment/population response, do firms require more mature errors?

An Overview of Game Theory in Sociology

An Overview of Game Theory in Sociology Game theory is a theory of social interaction, which attempts to explain the interaction people have with one another. As the name of the theory suggests, game theory sees human interaction as just that: a game. John Nash, the mathematician who was featured in the movie A Beautiful Mind is one of the inventors of game theory along with mathematician John von Neumann. How Was Game Theory Developed? Game theory was originally an economic and mathematical theory that predicted that human interaction had the characteristics of a game, including strategies, winners and losers, rewards and punishment, and profits and cost. It was initially developed to understand a large variety of economic behaviors, including behavior of firms, markets, and consumers. The use of the game theory has since expanded in the social sciences and has been applied to political, sociological, and psychological behaviors as well. Game theory was first used to describe and model how human populations behave. Some scholars believe that they can actually predict how actual human populations will behave when confronted with situations analogous to the game being studied. This particular view of game theory has been criticized because the assumptions made by the game theorists are often violated. For example, they assume that players always act in a way to directly maximize their wins, when in reality this is not always true. Altruistic and philanthropic behavior would not fit this model. Example of Game Theory We can use the interaction of asking someone out for a date as a simple example of game theory and how there are game-like aspects involved. If you are asking someone out on a date, you will probably have some kind of strategy to â€Å"win† (having the other person agree to go out with you) and â€Å"get rewarded† (have a good time) at a minimal â€Å"cost† to you (you don’t want to spend a large amount of money on the date or do not want to have an unpleasant interaction on the date). Elements of a Game There are three main elements of a game: The playersThe strategies of each playerThe consequences (payoffs) for each player for every possible profile of strategy choices of all players Types of Games There are several different kinds of games that are studies using game theory: Zero-sum game: The players’ interests are in direct conflict with one another. For example, in football, one team wins and the other team loses. If a win equals 1 and a loss equals -1, the sum is zero.Non-zero sum game: The players’ interests are not always in direct conflict, so that there are opportunities for both to gain. For example, when both players choose â€Å"don’t confess† in Prisoner’s Dilemma (see below).Simultaneous move games: Players choose actions simultaneously. For example, in the Prisoner’s Dilemma (see below), each player must anticipate what their opponent is doing at that moment, recognizing that the opponent is doing the same.Sequential move games: Players choose their actions in a particular sequence. For example, in chess or in bargaining/negotiating situations, the player must look ahead in order to know what action to choose now.One-shot games: The play of the game occurs only once. Here, the players are likely to not know much about each other. For example, tipping a waiter on your vacation. Repeated games: The play of the game is repeated with the same players. Prisoner’s Dilemma The prisoner’s dilemma is one of the most popular games studied in game theory that has been portrayed in countless movies and crime television shows. The prisoner’s dilemma shows why two individuals might not agree, even if it appears that it is best to agree. In this scenario, two partners in crime are separated into separate rooms at the police station and given a similar deal. If one testifies against his partner and the partner stays quiet, the betrayer goes free and the partner receives the full sentence (ex: ten years). If both remain silent, both are sentences for a short time in jail (ex: one year) or for a minor charge. If each testifies against the other, each receives a moderate sentence (ex: three years). Each prisoner must choose to either betray or remain silent, and the decision of each is kept from the other. The prisoner’s dilemma can be applied to many other social situations, too, from political science to law to psychology to advertising. Take, for example, the issue of women wearing make-up. Each day across America, several million woman-hours are devoted to an activity with questionable benefit for society. Foregoing makeup would free up fifteen to thirty minutes for each woman every morning. However, if no one wore makeup, there would be great temptation for any one woman to gain an advantage over others by breaking the norm and using mascara, blush, and concealer to hide imperfections and enhance her natural beauty. Once a critical mass wears makeup, the average facade of female beauty is artificially made greater. Not wearing makeup means foregoing the artificial enhancement to beauty. Your beauty relative to what is perceived as average would decrease. Most women therefore wear makeup and what we end up with is a situation that is not ideal for the whole or for the indivi duals, but is based on rational choices by each individual. Assumptions Game Theorists Make The payoffs are known and fixed.All players behave rationally.The rules of the game are common knowledge. Resources and Further Reading Duffy, J. (2010) Lecture Notes: Elements of a Game. pitt.edu/~jduffy/econ1200/Lect01_Slides.pdfAndersen, M.L and Taylor, H.F. (2009). Sociology: The Essentials. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

IT POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT POLICY - Essay Example The three main ethical questions that the use of social networks as a mean of communication are: (1) do social networks protect individual privacy of the users? (2) Do social networks ensure safety for their users? (3) Do the advantages of using social networks outweigh the disadvantages? The question of whether or not social networks protect individual privacy of the users is a pertinent ethical question because a critical look at many social networks shows that the use of social networks comprise individual privacy of the user. This is because many users of social networks, especially the youth share important private information about themselves with their friends on social networks, without realizing that people with bad motives can use the private information to harm them in one way or another. The question of whether or not social networks ensure safety for their users is also a critical ethical question. This question is particularly important considering cybercrimes like cyber bullying and cyber stalking. The third question also is very important because, although there are many advantages of using social networks as a mean of communication, there are also many disadvantages of using social networks as a mean of communication. On utilitarian grounds, therefore, it is important to determine whether or not the advantages of using social networks outweigh the disadvantages. To begin with, social networks compromise individual privacy, especially among the teenagers who disclose a large amount of their personal information online. As Christofides has rightly argued, although Facebook has played a significant role in telecommunication, it has presented a problem in privacy protection among high school students, thus doing more harm than good (2010). Many teenagers disclose on social networks like Facebook sensitive personal information like relationship status, email address, the list of their friends’ birthdays, as well as  other

Poetry Terms ( eye rhyme) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poetry Terms ( eye rhyme) - Essay Example However once pronounced, they change and start rhyming hence beginning to make perfect sense. The eye rhyme is normally classified in the group of rhymes defined by nature of similarity. This classification is so because the rhyming words are usually similar in pronunciation and hence very easy to capture them when a poem is being read. This type of rhyming according to poets and other poetry experts is usually highly conventional that is represented in a highly symbolic form yet it is simplified at the same time and in most cases it acts as a reflection of historical changes in the pronunciation for example the words why and envy or even love, move and prove. When said that they reflect historic times, it simply means that this type of rhyme has been there from the early years in the English poems (especially those written during renaissance period) but they have only been recognized as eye rhymes by modern poets. This is true for an eye rhyme like slaughter and laughter. Eye rhymes can also be said to be half rhymes or slant rhymes which have very slight repetition of sounds and pronunciation for example hill and full. The rhyming words are also almost close but not exact and the difference is majorly noted during pronunciation of these words as they have different spellings. Another example of this is glorious and nefarious. The famous American poet Emily Dickinson also is fond of using half rhymes or eye rhymes in her works. This is evident in one of her poems â€Å"Hope is the thing with feathers† where there are the words soul and all (Eliopulos and Todd 48). The eye rhymes according to other poetry works are also known as sight rhymes. This is because they involve words that are similar in pronunciation but different when it comes to spelling for example sight and right. The trick in eye rhymes for those who are not poets or poetry experts is therefore to understand the meaning of the eye rhyme so that

Demand for Bonds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Demand for Bonds - Essay Example Thus there will be a windfall loss if bonds are purchased. Thus, bond demand will be low. This also implies that if expected future bond prices are high, then the demand for bonds will rise and vice-versa. iv) Expected inflation: Expected inflation has an adverse impact on bond demand. If there is an increase in expected inflation, bond demand will fall and vice versa. v) Relative risk: If the risk associated with a bond increases relative to other assets the demand for that bond will fall. Analogously if there is a decline in the relative riskiness of a bond, its demand will increase. vi) Relative liquidity: If there is an increase in the relative liquidity of a bond, i.e., if converting the bond into cash becomes relatively easier, the demand for it shall rise if other things remain the same and vice versa. vi) Business-cycle movements: If the economy is undergoing a boom, there will be an increase in the demand for bonds. Similarly, the demand for bonds will fall if the economy is suffering a recessionary period. b) Analyse the following statement:   â€Å"This week, the yield on the US Treasury note closed below 3%, a level not seen in 50 years. In the UK, the 10-year Gilt yield sits below 4% for the first time since 1961, according to UBS. Germany’s Bund yield is closing in on 3%. ... This time, the threat of delfation is being taken more seriously. Should policymakers again avert that fate, bond yiels may be primed for an explosive rise as fiscal spending plans and the expansion in money supply suggest inflation is the likely outcome†. [Source: Financial times 28-Nov-2008] Before commenting on the report it will be useful to note that as mentioned above bond demands (and thus investment) are induced by business cycle booms and dissuaded during recessions. However, during booms since the threat of inflation looms large, it is a natural counteracting force to the possibility of overinvestment. Similarly, during recessions, the adverse effect on the demand for bonds can be countered by the threat of deflation. Now, let's turn to the report. The first and foremost point to note in this context is the date of the report. It is dated November, 2008. Thus the US, UK and the German economies were in recession, arguably the worst one since the great depression (This was during the heart of the global financial crisis). Thus, one should expect expansionary monetary policies during this time. Lower interest rates ideally stimulated investment demand and thus increase the effective demand which leads to an expansion in real aggregate output with a multiplier effect and thus employment as well. What is reported seems to be along the same lines of intention. The current yields on US Treasury note fell to a level that was a precedent in 50 years. Similarly there was a decline in long term yields in the UK economy (gilt) and Germany (bund yields). However, in order for this policy to work, the falling bond yields

Make a plane of the investigation and a report for the investigation Assignment

Make a plane of the investigation and a report for the investigation There should be two sections in this . In this in - Assignment Example Basically, the duration of burning of the candle is dependent on the amount of oxygen. The word equation for the burning candle wax that supports this explanation is as given (Oldham, 2005). (Hydrocarbons) + Oxygen ----> Carbon dioxide + Water (Hydrocarbons). This experiment entails burning candles. One, two and three, candles would simultaneously be held on a tray while confined in a jar. Time taken by each of the candles before going off would be recorded. This experiment is considered following a thorough review of many literatures that show that there is lacking experiments done to explore the differences in the rates of Oxygen consumption between one, two or more candles. As a result, it has not been clear whether if the sets are set running under constrained Oxygen, which of the three would go off first. This experiment, therefore, helps correlate the amount of oxygen consumed and the number of candles. This in effect, would help steer clear any double concerning the dependency of candles on oxygen gas during the burning process. Moreover, the experiment can help ascertain the components of a candle as a bi-product of hydrocarbons. This experimental set up is divided into two sections: The experimental plan and the report section. Title The Burning Candles Experiment. Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate the differences in the rate of Oxygen consumption between one, two and three candles. ... Time taken by the one, two and three candles before going off served as the independent variable. Material you need to carry out the experiment Materials to be used in this experiment include a tray, a stop watch, one, two, and three same sized candles, jar and match box for lighting the candles. Methods Observation as a method is considered to be the most and, therefore, the applied method in this experiment for data collection. Raw data/observations No of Candles Time taken for the Lambs to go off in Seconds 1 60 2 35 3 15 Results It was found out that one candle took the relatively longest time to go off followed by two candles and finally, three candles, which took the shortest time before going off. Discussion From the graph shown below, there is a linear correlation between the number of candles and the time taken for the candles to go off. It is clear that increase in the number of candles causes a significant decrease in time the candles take to go off. Taking into considerat ion the fact that the number of candles is directly proportional to the rate of the amount of Oxygen consumed, it implies that increase in the number of candles results into an increase in of the amount of Oxygen consumed. On the other hand, the less the number of candles used, the less the rate of amount of oxygen consumed thus the higher the time taken for the candles to go off. This is because the burning up of candles is purely depended on the amount of Oxygen confined in the jar. Therefore, increasing the number of candles causes a proportional increase in the rate of consumption of Oxygen. This causes the candles to go off at shortest time possible. This is explained by the linear graph shown below. The

Christian Smith, The Emergence of Libertation Essay

Christian Smith, The Emergence of Libertation - Essay Example The movement was formed when in 1962; Pope John XXIII called the Vatican to try adapting Christian message to the world, which was coming modernized at high rate. The council was also called upon to rethink on the nature that the church had and the relationship that was between the two. In the conference, there was redesigning of the roles that were to be played by the church. The church was then seen as people of God who had different capabilities but those who shared humanity and similar destiny in the eye of God. Through the conference, Vatican II called for the church to get involved in the fight against poverty. They thought that when there was development of a humble role, the poor would be easily reached. There was rejection of the idea that the church was to be aligned with powerful elite and stressed on the need of a more just world. The bishops that were from Latin America were not much satisfied with the Vatican II; it became a lesson to them. When the bishops went back to Latin America, they took a close look at the social order in the numerous countries (Smith, 58). The concepts of Vatican II were applied in Latin America in 1968. The outcome that was got was a document that was to be the basis for liberation theology. The document also gave the church power to get involved in social change. There was argue that the church was to be involved much on liberation rather than focusing on developments in dealing with the problems that faced by Latin America (Smith, 83). There are theologians that played a major role in making sure that liberation theology was developed. The people include Segundo Galilea, Gustavo Gutià ©rrez, Juan Luis Segundo, and Lucio Gera. In 1964, Gustavo Gutià ©rrez described the theology as a critical reflection on praxis. The line of though was then developed further by meetings that were carried out in Havana in 1965. After

Make a plane of the investigation and a report for the investigation Assignment

Make a plane of the investigation and a report for the investigation There should be two sections in this . In this in - Assignment Example Basically, the duration of burning of the candle is dependent on the amount of oxygen. The word equation for the burning candle wax that supports this explanation is as given (Oldham, 2005). (Hydrocarbons) + Oxygen ----> Carbon dioxide + Water (Hydrocarbons). This experiment entails burning candles. One, two and three, candles would simultaneously be held on a tray while confined in a jar. Time taken by each of the candles before going off would be recorded. This experiment is considered following a thorough review of many literatures that show that there is lacking experiments done to explore the differences in the rates of Oxygen consumption between one, two or more candles. As a result, it has not been clear whether if the sets are set running under constrained Oxygen, which of the three would go off first. This experiment, therefore, helps correlate the amount of oxygen consumed and the number of candles. This in effect, would help steer clear any double concerning the dependency of candles on oxygen gas during the burning process. Moreover, the experiment can help ascertain the components of a candle as a bi-product of hydrocarbons. This experimental set up is divided into two sections: The experimental plan and the report section. Title The Burning Candles Experiment. Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate the differences in the rate of Oxygen consumption between one, two and three candles. ... Time taken by the one, two and three candles before going off served as the independent variable. Material you need to carry out the experiment Materials to be used in this experiment include a tray, a stop watch, one, two, and three same sized candles, jar and match box for lighting the candles. Methods Observation as a method is considered to be the most and, therefore, the applied method in this experiment for data collection. Raw data/observations No of Candles Time taken for the Lambs to go off in Seconds 1 60 2 35 3 15 Results It was found out that one candle took the relatively longest time to go off followed by two candles and finally, three candles, which took the shortest time before going off. Discussion From the graph shown below, there is a linear correlation between the number of candles and the time taken for the candles to go off. It is clear that increase in the number of candles causes a significant decrease in time the candles take to go off. Taking into considerat ion the fact that the number of candles is directly proportional to the rate of the amount of Oxygen consumed, it implies that increase in the number of candles results into an increase in of the amount of Oxygen consumed. On the other hand, the less the number of candles used, the less the rate of amount of oxygen consumed thus the higher the time taken for the candles to go off. This is because the burning up of candles is purely depended on the amount of Oxygen confined in the jar. Therefore, increasing the number of candles causes a proportional increase in the rate of consumption of Oxygen. This causes the candles to go off at shortest time possible. This is explained by the linear graph shown below. The

How fair is the congressional redistricting process Dissertation

How fair is the congressional redistricting process - Dissertation Example According to Hirsch (2003), the current congressional redistricting process veers significantly from the ideals proposed by the original Framers of the United States Constitution. These individuals created the House of Representatives, which was designed to both stand apart from the Senate, Presidency, and Supreme Court, as well as mediate these governmental entities. The 2001-2002 congressional redistricting efforts revealed the strong partisan bias that many critics contend is skewing redistricting maps and misrepresenting the peoples' true sentiments. Unfortunately, Hirsch (2003) argues that there is no easy cure for the biases in the congressional redistricting process. As long as a bipartisan system dominates pubic thought, redistricting will always favor one political side or the other in a given state. Perhaps the U.S. Supreme Court will intervene with gerrymanders that prevent partisan biases, although state legislation must limit the extent to which redistricting reflects po litical factors on their own, rather than economic and social factors. McDonald (2004) notes that redistricting continues to be one of the most prevalent and contentious campaigns in the American political system. The United States utilizes multiple redistricting institutions, McDonald notes, which can be categorized into two types. First, some institutions engage in redistricting that follows normal legislative processes, and second, there are those that enact by way of a redistricting commission. In the former, one party tends to control state government and the redistricting process results in a political gerrymander. With the latter, commissions engage in voting and compromise to draw districting boundaries. Regardless of the redistricting institution, McDonald argues that with so much at stake, those involved in the redistricting process often behave in a one-sided fashion. Congressional redistricting will always result in either a partisan gerrymander, a bipartisan incumbent p rotection plan, or court intervention (McDonald, 2004). Karlan (2002) contends that the Supreme Court has been unwilling to apply any form of strict scrutiny in the past with regard to congressional redistricting and when faced with the prospect of re-segregating state legislatures and congressional delegations. In addition to partisan concerns, redistricting has been also driven by racial motivations and other minority-based social factors. According to Karlan (2002), the U.S. Constitution demands that states arrange electoral institutions to reduce any existing effects of prior redistricting discrimination. Such electoral districting promotes a racially-polarized voting pattern that undermines needs of minority racial groups. The Supreme Court is responsible for confront these discrimination sin the redistricting process and to promote an electoral system that is open to members of minority groups. The current flaws in the congressional redistricting process within the United Stat es have caused the issue of fairness to be called into question. Fairness is a key component of congressional redistricting, as it reflects general American values and has far-reaching implications within the population. The concept of fairness is one that

Booker Jones Analysis Essay Example for Free

Booker Jones Analysis Essay 1. A. If the cost of barrels were to be incorporated into the inventory account (balance sheet), then the cost of barrels used (Income statement) can be reduced. From 1960-1961, Booker Jones increased its barrels produced from 43,000 barrels to 63,000 barrels. That is 20,000 barrel increased in just one year. The cost per barrels is $31.50. (20,000 * 31.50= $630,000) We can reduce the cost per barrel expense from income statement of $630,000. ïÆ'   (-407,000+630,000= 223,000) Therefore, pretax profit would have been $223,000 instead of net loss of $407,000. B. If the change were made retroactively as of June 1, 1959 then Effect on the balance sheet at the end of 1960 Number of barrel in inventory in 1960 is 172,000 (172,000 barrels * . 50 = 5,418,000) $5,418,000 is the increased inventory after incorporated the cost of barrels to inventory. ($5418000 + $4,506,000 = $9,924,000) $9,924,000 is the new ending inventory in 1960 Deferring the Aging costs into the inventory balance would increase the Net Profit in 1960. This would then increase the Retained Earnings account on the balance sheet Effect on the balance sheet at the end of 1961 Number of barrels in inventory in 1961 is 192,000 (192,000 barrels * $31.50 = $6,048,000) $6,048,000 is the increased in inventory after incorporating the cost of barrels to inventory ($6,048,000 + $5,030,000 = $11,078,000) $11,078,000 is the new ending inventory in 1960 Deferring the Aging costs into the inventory balance would increase the Net Profit in 1960. This would then increase the Retained Earnings account on the balance sheet Effect on the income statement for 1960 2. We do not believe that Jones went from a profit in 1960 to a loss for 1961 because they can capitalize the patented barrels as inventory instead of expense it. Because of the 4 years aging life, it makes sense to capitalize the barrels and expense it as the aging process reduced. 7. 1. The original Levi’s Store Channel has a higher return on invested capital, meaning it is a good investment in a long run. Column1 Wholesale Channel Estimate Original Levis Store Channel Estimate Operating Profit before Tax 4 6 Tax at 40% 1.6 2.4 NOPAT 2.4 3.6 Fixed Asset Factory PPE 5 5 Distributed PPE 1 2 Total Fixed Asset 6 7 Non-Cash Working Capital Current Asset 8 12 Current Liability 1 1 Cash 0 0 Total Non-Cash Working Capital 7 11 Invested Capital 13 18 Return on Invested Capital 18% 20% 2. Value Chain Analysis Providing strategic direction – corporate strategy Provide the perfect fit jean for customers Market segment for unsatisfied customers Broaden market segment by offering customized jeans Generating customer demand – sales, marketing and customer service Increase in profit 24% unsatisfied customers Provide more styles, more colors, better fits 4224 possible combination of measurement 400 prototype pairs stock at Kiosk for customers to try on Fulfilling customer demand – supply chain, manufacturing, production Order is transmitted directly to Levi’s factory. Each pair of jeans is individually cut 3 days shipping back to customers (at $5 extra charge per pair) Pull based: responsiveness to actual buying patterns, improve manufacturing, and delivery cycle Need to find ways to fix the 8 months lag between ordering cotton fabric and selling the final pair of jeans. Providing support services – Finance, HR, legal and compliance Need additional finance to pay for trained personal clerks Need to take out loan to finance initial investment of the project In 4 retail store locations

A Focus On Research Methodology Business Essay

A Focus On Research Methodology Business Essay 3.1 Introduction: The previous chapter discussed about the existing literature of how the innovation process and product life cycle works within a company. This chapter will focus on research methodology which is the set of method, providing a systematic technique to accomplish research aims and objectives and research questions. As per Kumar (2005), research methodology is the way to answer all the research questions. The researcher will clarify the types of research methods and also it will illustrate the correct process to meet the research aims and objectives, data collection process and evaluation of the data. The centre point of any research is to data collection and the analysis. Saunders et al. (2009, p-106) described this centre point as a centre of an onion which has different layers that need to be peeled away to get into the centre point. This onion is known as a research onion, which is shown below: Figure 3.1: Research Onion Source: Saunders et al. (2009) 3.2 Research philosophy: According to Saunders et al. (2009) research philosophy is the term that develops the knowledge and there is a strong relation between the nature of that knowledge and the research. To support to select the research strategy method it is important to take the supposition of the research. As per Johnson and Clark (2006) stated in Saunders et al. (2009, p.108) the management and business researchers need to be aware of the philosophies that be chosen for research report. They also added the significance of the research need to understand by investigation. In addition, there is been supportive statement by Saunders et al. (2009, p.108), The important issue is not so much whether our research should be philosophically informed, but it is how well we are able to reflect upon our philosophical choices and defend them in relation to the alternatives we could have adopted. According to research onion from Saunders et al. (2009, p.108), there are four main areas which cover the research philosophy. These are as follows: Pragmatism Interpretivism Realism Positivism 3.2.1 Pragmatism: In research philosophy pragmatism is the most important determination that focuses on the research question. In this part it is also possible to argue within both positivist and interpretivist view. This is also applicable for practical approach. It helps to collect and analyze data by integrating different perspectives. (Saunders et al. (2009, p.109) 3.2.2 Interpretivism: The term interpretivism stands for, as a researcher it is required to be aware of the difference between humans in their role as social actors. According to Saunders et al. (2009, p.116), The difference between conducting research among people rather than objects such as trucks and computers. The term social actors is quite significant here. In the same way we interpret our everyday social roles in accordance with the meaning we give to these roles. In addition, we interpret the social roles of others in accordance with our own set of meaning. 3.2.3 Realism: Realism is another important point of research philosophy which focuses on scientific enquiry. In other word, the existence of autonomous reality of the human mind is the realism. As per Saunders et al. (2009, p.114), quoted that, The philosophy of realism is that there is a reality quite independent of the mind. In this sense, realism is opposed to idealism, the theory that only the mind and its contents exist. Realism is a branch of epistemology which is similar to positivism in that it assumes a scientific approach to the development of knowledge. 3.2.4 Positivism: Positivism is the epistemological view that promotes working with a clear social reality. As a researcher when reflects their research with positivism philosophy, then that research adopt the natural scientist philosophical stance. Saunders et al. (2009, p.113) The research idea came from the business background of author which has driven to develop the knowledge of product life cycle and innovation process from the customer perception of Nokia mobile phone. To generate a research it is important to develop research hypothesis. According to Porte (2010), in order to focus the study, to give the flow of reading, researcher should able to meet the research question or hypothesis. As a researcher the following hypothesis can be identified: H1: Rapid changes in the product attributes over last few years as customers taste changes with diversified culture. H2: Technology facilitated more innovation and increasing rate of product obsolescence resulting changes in the product life cycle strategy. H3: Growing trend of open market economy is the reason of innovation. 3.3 Research approaches: The final outcome of the research is determined by the way the project is being designed. This is the first step to investigate the phenomenon and the type philosophy that will be guided to investigate the process. As Saunders et al. (2009, p.124) stated that The extent to which you are clear about the theory at the beginning of your research raises an important question concerning the design of tour research project. This is whether your research should use the deductive approach, in which you develop a theory and hypothesis (or hypotheses) and design a research strategy to test the hypothesis, or the inductive approach, in which you would collect data and develop theory as a result of your data analysis, insofar as is useful to attach these research approaches to the different research philosophies. There are two types of research approaches. These are as follow: Deductive approach Inductive approach 3.3.1 Deductive approach: Deductive approach is the method of purely formed theories arises as a generalization from observable data that are going to be explained. This approach was first introduced by Sir Isaac Newton (1643- 1726) in the late 17th century. (Holzinger, 2010). Research hypothesis and theory can be tested by collecting and analysis the data. According to Saunders et al. (2009, p.125), the theoretical plan of research approach needs to test by implementing the strategy which is particularly designed to test the hypothesis. Moreover Pathirage et al. (2008) added, deductive approach moves from theory to data. 3.3.2 Inductive approach: This is an alternative approach to conduct the research. Drosg (2009) stated that, inductive research depends on the variation of data values, which is a set of data of statically analysis. This kind of research is directly involved with the management research, because it involve with data analysis, issues and problems. Afterwards the researchers develop the theory based on those investigations. However, Crowther and Lancaster (2008) mentioned that inductive approach is flexible for sample size and data, because it does not require any established theory. Deductive emphasises Inductive emphasises Scientific principles Gaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events. Moving from theory to data A close understanding of the research context The need to explain casual relationship between variables. The collection of qualitative data. The collection of quantitative data. A more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as the research progresses. The application of controls to ensure validity of data. A realisation that the researcher is part of the research process. The operationalisation of concepts to ensure clarity of definition. Less concern with the need to generalise. A highly structured approach. Researcher independence of what is being researched. The necessity to select samples of sufficient size in order to generalise conclusions. Table 3.1: Major differences between deductive and inductive approaches to research. Source: Saunders et al. (2009, p.127) This research is to design to investigate the impact and influence of product life cycle and customer perceptions on business innovation strategy. As per above discussion, this research will conduct through deductive approach. This will apply the related theory of product life cycle and innovation process; it will also find out the effectiveness of these theories with Nokia mobile company. 3.4 Research design: Research design reflects on research questions. This is to be contingent with research objectives which are obtained from research questions. Saunders et al. (2009, p.137) stated that, researcher need valid reason for research design and the justification of research rely on research questions, objectives and research philosophy. According to Heppner et al. (2008) research design is the centre component of scientific inquiry and the most difficult part is selecting a research design whose strengths and weaknesses help the researcher to examine research questions. 3.5 Research Strategy: Research strategy is the general plan to answer the research questions. As per Saunders et al. (2009, p.141) no research strategy is inherently superior; this is not important which label is attached with strategy, but this is most important whether this strategy will allow the researcher to answer the research questions. The following research strategy can be identified (Saunders et al.,2009, p.141): Experiment Survey Case study Action research Grounded theory Ethnography Archival research Experiment: This type of research is based on natural science research. However, social science and specially psychology types of research are fall into this category. This involves with a link of two variables. Survey: This is a deductive research. The main area of this research is business and management research. As a result, it more likely exercised for exploratory and descriptive research. Case study: Robson (2002, p.178) cited in Saunders et al. (2009, p.145) a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple of evidence. Case study mainly concentrates to gain and understand the knowledge of a specific area. Action research: This research is concerned about the change management and collaboration with practitioner and researcher. This is a management research. Grounded theory: This is an inductive research. Here theory is developed and data is generated by further observation. Ethnography: The strategy that focus on the description and interpretation of the social world from the first hand side. This type of research is very time consuming. Archival research: This final strategy considers the administrative records and documents for its principle source of data. From above discussion, it has been decided by the author, this research topic will go along with case study strategy. This research is based on theory of product life cycle and innovation strategy, which is fall into deductive approach and supported by this strategy. This research will build the knowledge of product life cycle and innovation process by collecting the information from Nokia Research Centre and will compare with the most up to date theory. 3.6 Data collection method: There are two kinds of data collection process for research project (Saunders et al. (2009). These are as follow: Primary data and Secondary data. 3.6.1 Primary data: The data gathered solely for research purposes to meet the research question is known as primary data. Saunders et al. (2009, p.598) quoted, data collected specially for the research project being undertaken. The primary data can be collected through interviews, surveys, questionnaires and discussions. This reflects on the real scenario of the project and there is presence of validation by the secondary data. 3.6.2 Secondary data: The data that have already been published and reanalysing for some other reason is called secondary data. According to Saunders et al. (2009, p.256-258) secondary data contains both raw and published data. These data can be both quantitative and qualitative and can be used in both descriptive and explanatory research. Secondary data can be collected through documentary, multiple source and survey. Advantages and disadvantages of primary and secondary data: Advantages Disadvantages Primary Data Specifically addresses the research question Collecting and analysing data can be expensive Reliability, credibility and accuracy are known Researcher must have the necessary skills to conduct primary research Can address almost any research question Primary research is time consuming Secondary Data Can be very cost effective Reliability, credibility and accuracy may not be known Can usually be gathered quickly Units of measurement may not be appropriate Does not require the same expert skills as primary data collection Data may not be presented in a usable format Interpretation and analysis skills are still required Data may be untimely or out of date Source or sponsor of the research may not be known Table 3.2: Advantages and disadvantages of primary and secondary data Source: Morgan and Summers (2005) This research will conduct by collecting both primary and secondary data to attain the aims and objectives. Secondary data will be collected from journals, newspapers, internet (online publications) and specially Nokia Research Centre (NRC). The primary data will be collected by conducting questionnaire design on 200 customers to get the outcome of the customer perception of Nokia mobile phone. 3.7 Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Saunders et al. (2009, p. 151) quoted that, Quantitative is predominantly used as a synonym for any data collection techniques (such as questionnaire) or data analysis procedure (such as graphs or statistics) that generates or uses numerical data. In contrast, qualitative is used predominantly as a synonym for any data collection techniques (such as an interview) or data analysis procedure (such as categorising data) that generates or uses non- numerical data. The researcher will use both quantitative and qualitative data for this research. However, this research is mostly based on qualitative data; as this research will consider with the modern theory of product life cycle and innovation process. The quantitative data will also be considered to calculate the customer perceptions. 3.8 Evaluation techniques: Evaluation techniques depend on the types of research and how the data will be analysed. The researcher will analyse both quantitative and qualitative data. There are some specific ways to measure these kinds of data. UWE (n.d.) stated that, the quantitative data analysis often consider descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data analysis may do by considering analysis of visual data and analysis of narrative data. To evaluate the both primary and secondary data, the researcher will represent them with graphical, tabular and chart context. The researcher will also investigate the Nokia Research Centre (NRC) website for their product life cycle and innovation strategy to compare with the most recent situation. 3.9 Limitations: This research project has certain limitation in context of the entire study. However, this limitation can be taken as a scope for further research. The first limitation of this study is not taking any primary data direct from Nokia head office, which is situated in Europe and this research is conducting from London. 3.10 Summary: This study will collect the data from secondary sources and designing questionnaires for the customers. This methodology of the task can be a number of procedures that have followed to prepare a meaningful report. The findings and analysis will be discussed in the following chaper.

Youth Representation in movies Ten Things I Hate About You compared to Stand By Me :: Papers

Youth Representation in movies Ten Things I Hate About You compared to Stand By Me From the very beginning of both films we can see there is going to be a big difference. At the very beginning of "10 things I hate about you" we see a big town, which I think is Seattle because in the background I can see the "CN Tower", and also there is a sort of modern U.S.A. high school rock being played which is kind of upbeat. Unlike "Stand By Me" which starts off with an adult sitting in a car, in a field, in the middle of nowhere, and there is slow old music being played in the background as the adult is reading a newspaper article about an attorney being killed (later on we realise that the attorney was once a very close friend). Also from the very beginning "10 Thing'sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦." starts with very bright colours which shows us that its is going to be a cheerful, interesting and happy film, we can say this because that's the kind of feelings people get from bright colours. However "Stand by me" starts off with a quite dull colour scheme, because of the dull colour scheme we can say that it is going to be a sad film, as well as an emotional film. Also the youths in "10 Thing'sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦." lifestyles are basically going to school which we can relate to and also, they date, get drunk and have lots of friends which we can also relate to. However the youths in "10 Thing'sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦." are very privileged and we know this by all the places they can go and hang out, for example paint balling boating and all the sports that they are offered from school in which they can take part. Unlike "Stand By Me" which must be during the holidays because although the children mention school, we never see them in school, there lifestyle is completely different to the youths in "10 Thing'sà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.", for example Chris, Verne, Gordie and Teddy usually lounge

Philosophy: The Power of Ideas Essay

 · Is it more common for people to make decisions regarding religion based on reason or by faith? Explain your answer. Considering the development of religious philosophy, it commonly appears that people make decision regarding their religion based on their faith. People create their religious doctrines, idealism, and theology based on the faith towards the existence of God wherein they argue that these principles are given with divine intervention and provision. In the aspect of religion, people decide matters within their institution as their approach for developing and strengthening their relationship towards their God through the medium of faith. Indeed, people pursue their religious interest based on faith rather than their own reasoning as an influential part of their religious philosophy is their faithful submission towards the divine being. As part of their religion, people make decisions as inspired by their faith thus, putting much more interest and significance on their religious teachings rather pursing their own idealism. In general, people put much more emphasis on faith towards the idealism of the divine being rather than the philosophy of the human beings.  · Considering the historical development of religious philosophy, whose philosophies do you think most advanced Western religious thought? Explain your answer. In the course of religious development in the world, most religious philosophies originated from the western culture though only some has full advanced and realized the western thought. Under this aspect, that the philosophy of the Roman Catholic religion manifests much representation of the western thoughts. Their teachings have promoted the monotheistic view towards divine existence and have strengthened the relationship of the human beings with their divine creator. Because of the significant foundations laid by their philosophy, the western thoughts were widely accepted by the other culture giving the western idealism much influence to the world. Because of the contribution of this specific religious philosophy, the world has realized the western thoughts regarding the existence of the divine being and has established their own religious relationship in relation to the western idealism

Help for Various as Level History Essays

version 1. 1 abc General Certificate of Education AS History 1041 Unit 1: HIS1C The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 Mark Scheme 2009 examination – June series This mark scheme uses the new numbering system which is being introduced for examinations from June 2010 The specimen assessment materials are provided to give centres a reasonable idea of the general shape and character of the planned question papers and mark schemes in advance of the operational exams. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available to download from the AQA Website: www. qa. org. uk Copyright  © 2009 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered centres for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the cent re. Set and published by the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance.The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723) and a registered charity (registered charity number 1073334). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX Dr Michael Cresswell Director General History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) Generic Introduction for AS The AS History specification is based on the assessment objectives laid down in QCA’s GCE History subject criteria and published in the AQA specification booklet.These cover the skills, knowledge and understanding which are expected of A Level candidates. Most questions address more than one objective since historical skills, which include knowledge and understanding, are usually deployed together. Consequently, the marking scheme which follows is a ‘levels of response’ scheme and assesses candidates’ his torical skills in the context of their knowledge and understanding of History. The levels of response are a graduated recognition of how candidates have demonstrated their abilities in the Assessment Objectives.Candidates who predominantly address AO1(a) by writing narrative or description will perform at Level 1 or Level 2 depending on its relevance. Candidates who provide more explanation – (AO1(b), supported by the relevant selection of material, AO1(a)) – will perform at high Level 2 or low-mid Level 3 depending on how explicit they are in their response to the question. Candidates who provide explanation with evaluation, judgement and an awareness of historical interpretations will be addressing all 3 AOs (AO1(a); AO1(b): AO2(a) and (b) and will have access to the higher mark ranges.AO2(a) which requires the evaluation of source material is assessed in Unit 2. Differentiation between Levels 3, 4 and 5 is judged according to the extent to which candidates meet this range of assessment objectives. At Level 3 the answers will show more characteristics of the AO1 objectives, although there should be elements of AO2. At Level 4, AO2 criteria, particularly an understanding of how the past has been interpreted, will be more in evidence and this will be even more dominant at Level 5.The demands on written communication, particularly the organisation of ideas and the use of specialist vocabulary also increase through the various levels so that a candidate performing at the highest AS level is already well prepared for the demands of A2. 3 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) CRITERIA FOR MARKING GCE HISTORY: AS EXAMINATION PAPERS General Guidance for Examiners (to accompany Level Descriptors) Deciding on a level and the award of marks within a levelIt is of vital importance that examiners familiarise themselves with the generic mark scheme and apply it consistently, as directed by the Principal Examiner, in order to facil itate comparability across options. The indicative mark scheme for each paper is designed to illustrate some of the material that candidates might refer to (knowledge) and some of the approaches and ideas they might develop (skills). It is not, however, prescriptive and should only be used to exemplify the generic mark scheme. When applying the generic mark scheme, examiners will constantly need to exercise judgement to decide which level fits an answer best.Few essays will display all the characteristics of a level, so deciding the most appropriate will always be the first task. Each level has a range of marks and for an essay which has a strong correlation with the level descriptors the middle mark should be given. However, when an answer has some of the characteristics of the level above or below, or seems stronger or weaker on comparison with many other candidates’ responses to the same question, the mark will need to be adjusted up or down. When deciding on the mark with in a level, the following criteria should be considered in relation to the level descriptors.Candidates should never be doubly penalised. If a candidate with poor communication skills has been placed in Level 2, he or she should not be moved to the bottom of the level on the basis of the poor quality of written communication. On the other hand, a candidate with similarly poor skills, whose work otherwise matched the criteria for Level 4 should be adjusted downwards within the level. Criteria for deciding marks within a level: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The accuracy of factual information The level of detail The depth and precision displayed The quality of links and argumentsThe quality of written communication (grammar, spelling, punctuation and legibility; an appropriate form and style of writing; clear and coherent organisation of ideas, including the use of specialist vocabulary) Appropriate references to historical interpretation and debate The concl usion 4 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) Specimen Mark Scheme for examinations in June 2010 onwards GCE AS History Unit 1: Change and Consolidation HIS1C: The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564 Question 1 01 Explain why Luther attacked the sale of indulgences in 1517. (12 marks) Target: AO1(a), AO1(b) Generic Mark SchemeNothing written worthy of credit. 0 L1: Answers will contain either some descriptive material which is only loosely linked to the focus of the question or some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support. Answers are likely to be generalised and assertive. The response will be limited in development and skills of written communication will be weak. 1-2 L2: Answers will demonstrate some knowledge and understanding of the demands of the question. They will either be almost entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question or they will provide some explanations backed by evidence that is limited in range an d/or depth.Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed and/or poorly structured. 3-6 L3: Answers will demonstrate good understanding of the demands of the question providing relevant explanations backed by appropriately selected information, although this may not be full or comprehensive. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed and show some organisation in the presentation of material. 7-9 L4: Answers will be well-focused, identifying a range of specific explanations, backed by precise evidence and demonstrating good understanding of the connections and links between events/issues.Answers will, for the most part, be well-written and organised. 10-12 Indicative content Candidates will need to be able to link Luther’s own intellectual development with the wider political and religious context. Luther’s hostility towards indulgences had hardened from about 1513 as he developed his solifidian ideas. In particular, their issue had no scriptural basis. Howev er, the formulation of the 95 Theses was sparked off by the aggressive peddling of indulgences by the Dominican Johannes Tetzel at Juterbog, not far from Wittenberg but outside the jurisdiction of Electoral Saxony.Concern, therefore, for the mortal souls of innocent dupes was thus a catalyst for Luther’s protest. On the other hand, Luther’s initial objections were as much the product of the scale of sale and the style of salesmanship as it was a product of a considered theological analysis. The scale of the operation was a consequence of the indebtedness of both Pope Leo X, on account not only of his extravagant lifestyle but also the spiralling cost of rebuilding St. Peters, and the 5 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards)Archbishop of Mainz, in huge debt to the Fuggers because of the amount he had borrowed to secure the simoniacal acquisition of the archbishopric. Tetzel’s sales pitch had included the claim of plenary remission of si ns as heinous as raping the Virgin Mary. Question 1 02 How far was the success of the Lutheran movement in Germany due to the reformers’ use of the printing press in the years 1517 to 1555? (24 marks) Target: AO1(a), AO1(b), AO2(b) Generic Mark Scheme Nothing written worthy of credit. 0 L1:Answers may either contain some descriptive material which is only loosely linked to the focus of the question or they may address only a part of the question. Alternatively, there may be some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support. Answers are likely to be generalised and assertive. There will be little, if any, awareness of differing historical interpretations. The response will be limited in development and skills of written communication will be weak. 1-6 L2: Answers will show some understanding of the focus of the question.They will either be almost entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question or they may contain some explicit comment with relevant bu t limited support. They will display limited understanding of differing historical interpretations. Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed and/or poorly structured. 7-11 L3: Answers will show a developed understanding of the demands of the question. They will provide some assessment, backed by relevant and appropriately selected evidence, but they will lack depth and/or balance.There will be some understanding of varying historical interpretations. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed and show some organisation in the presentation of material. 12-16 L4: Answers will show explicit understanding of the demands of the question. They will develop a balanced argument backed by a good range of appropriately selected evidence and a good understanding of historical interpretations. Answers will, for the most part, show organisation and good skills of written communication. 17-21 L5: Answers will be well-focused and closely argued.The arguments will be supported by pr ecisely selected evidence leading to a relevant conclusion/judgement, incorporating well-developed understanding of historical interpretations and debate. Answers will, for the most part, be carefully organised and fluently written, using appropriate vocabulary. 22-24 Indicative content Printing had a fundamental role in the success of the Lutheran movement: †¢ this can be traced back to November 1517 when Luther’s 95 Theses were translated and printed in numerous editions, suggesting the existence of an avid and informed readership History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) †¢ †¢ †¢ the 1520 pamphlets sold in large numbers and were pivotal in disseminating Luther’s theological ideas and their relationship to the contemporary political context Luther and his colleagues continued to publish widely, his translation of the Bible proved very influential and the Lutheran message was spread visually in huge numbers of woodcuts, whic h meant that the message could be assimilated by the illiterate as well as the literate n contrast, the Catholic Church responded rather slowly at first to the Lutheran challenge; in the short-term, at any rate, its exploitation of the potential offered by the new technology left much to be desired. Other factors: The importance of printing should be placed in the context of a range of other factors, including: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ the political impetus created by the support for Luther of many German princes the problems faced by Charles V which prevented his prioritising the destruction of the Lutheran threat before 1546 and also prevented him from achieving a triumph even though he had been militarily successful he appeal of Luther’s ideas the social impact of Luther’s teaching (at least until 1525) the impact of preaching the contribution of other reformers, such as Melanchthon. 7 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 o nwards) Question 2 03 Explain why the Anabaptists were suppressed in Munster in 1535. (12 marks) Target: AO1(a), AO1(b) Generic Mark Scheme Nothing written worthy of credit. 0 L1: Answers will contain either some descriptive material which is only loosely linked to the focus of the question or some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support.Answers are likely to be generalised and assertive. The response will be limited in development and skills of written communication will be weak. 1-2 L2: Answers will demonstrate some knowledge and understanding of the demands of the question. They will either be almost entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question or they will provide some explanations backed by evidence that is limited in range and/or depth. Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed and/or poorly structured. 3-6 L3:Answers will demonstrate good understanding of the demands of the question providing relevant explanations backed by appropriately selected information, although this may not be full or comprehensive. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed and show some organisation in the presentation of material. 7-9 L4: Answers will be well-focused, identifying a range of specific explanations, backed by precise evidence and demonstrating good understanding of the connections and links between events/issues. Answers will, for the most part, be well-written and organised. 10-12 Indicative contentCandidates might include some of the following factors: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ all authority, both secular and religious, appeared to be challenged by the rule of the ‘Saints’ in Munster; and this encouraged the traditional authorities to take violent action traditional morality was challenged with the introduction of polygamy and was regarded with particular repugnance by socially conservative rulers, both Lutheran and Catholic property rights were challenged with the introduction of a form of com munism which was a direct challenge to the basis on which traditional rulership was conducted all existing political authority was rejected.This was a threat which could not be ignored by both the Catholic Bishop and the Lutheran Philip of Hesse. The Anabaptists rejected Bibliocentrism and stressed instead direct divine inspiration, which tended conveniently to reinforce the above points. The result was a dramatic and apocalyptic movement which frightened Catholics and Lutherans alike. This even led the Landgrave of Hesse, the political leader of the Lutheran movement, and the Bishop of Munster to set aside their differences in order to join forces to suppress the ‘Saints’. 8 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards)Question 2 04 How far was the success of the Genevan Reformation to 1564 a result of Calvin’s actions against his opponents? (24 marks) Target: AO1(a), AO1(b), AO2(b) Generic Mark Scheme Nothing written worthy of credit. 0 L1: Answers may either contain some descriptive material which is only loosely linked to the focus of the question or they may address only a part of the question. Alternatively, there may be some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support. Answers are likely to be generalised and assertive. There will be little, if any, awareness of differing historical interpretations.The response will be limited in development and skills of written communication will be weak. 1-6 L2: Answers will show some understanding of the focus of the question. They will either be almost entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question or they may contain some explicit comment with relevant but limited support. They will display limited understanding of differing historical interpretations. Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed and/or poorly structured. 7-11 L3: Answers will show a developed understanding of the demands of the question.They will provide some assessment, backed by relevant and appropriately selected evidence, but they will lack depth and/or balance. There will be some understanding of varying historical interpretations. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed and show some organisation in the presentation of material. 12-16 L4: Answers will show explicit understanding of the demands of the question. They will develop a balanced argument backed by a good range of appropriately selected evidence and a good understanding of historical interpretations. Answers will, for the most part, show organisation and good skills of written communication. 7-21 L5: Answers will be well-focused and closely argued. The arguments will be supported by precisely selected evidence leading to a relevant conclusion/judgement, incorporating well-developed understanding of historical interpretations and debate. Answers will, for the most part, be carefully organised and fluently written, using appropriate vocabulary. 22-24 Indicative content Calvin, on ce he had recovered from early setbacks, made short work of religious opponents, such as Castellio, Bolsec and Servetus. His triumph over Perrin and the Libertines demonstrated the extent of his political as well as his theological control over Geneva.The discipline thus engendered made Geneva an even more successful centre of reform, becoming in effect the hub of a huge missionary movement. Other factors help to explain the success of reform in Geneva, including: †¢ †¢ the importance of Calvin’s writing and preaching should not be underestimated church organisation was important in holstering reform in Geneva 9 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) †¢ †¢ †¢ Calvin’s authority was bolstered by such institutions as the Consistory and the Grabeau the assistance of the Genevan Council, once it had been purged of Calvin’s opponents, was critical he Genevan Academy became an important institution for the training o f Calvinist clergy, though, as it was only founded in 1559, its impact by 1564 was necessarily limited. Question 3 05 Explain why many new orders developed within the Catholic Church in the early sixteenth century (before 1540). (12 marks) Target: AO1(a), AO1(b) Generic Mark Scheme Nothing written worthy of credit. 0 L1: Answers will contain either some descriptive material which is only loosely linked to the focus of the question or some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support.Answers are likely to be generalised and assertive. The response will be limited in development and skills of written communication will be weak. 1-2 L2: Answers will demonstrate some knowledge and understanding of the demands of the question. They will either be almost entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question or they will provide some explanations backed by evidence that is limited in range and/or depth. Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed and/or poorly structu red. 3-6 L3:Answers will demonstrate good understanding of the demands of the question providing relevant explanations backed by appropriately selected information, although this may not be full or comprehensive. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed and show some organisation in the presentation of material. 7-9 L4: Answers will be well-focused, identifying a range of specific explanations, backed by precise evidence and demonstrating good understanding of the connections and links between events/issues. Answers will, for the most part, be well-written and organised. 10-12 Indicative contentThe process of Catholic renewal was exemplified by the creation and activity of new orders within the Church, mostly in central and northern Italy. A number of factors help to explain their emergence: †¢ †¢ †¢ there was clearly a ‘rising spirituality’ particularly amongst a number of committed churchmen such as Gaetano di Thiene there was an increasing perception that traditional monasticism was no longer able to provide the spiritual impetus and evangelising which the Church needed there was a willingness on the part of wealthy patrons to support the orders’ spiritual aims 10 History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) there is clear evidence that the foundation of some orders was a response to the social misery which characterised parts of Italy in the 1520s. Question 3 06 How important was the Papacy in reforming the Catholic Church in the years 1534 to 1564? (24 marks) Target: AO1(a), AO1(b), AO2(b) Generic Mark Scheme Nothing written worthy of credit. 0 L1: Answers may either contain some descriptive material which is only loosely linked to the focus of the question or they may address only a part of the question. Alternatively, there may be some explicit comment with little, if any, appropriate support.Answers are likely to be generalised and assertive. There will be little, if any, awareness of differing historical interpretations. The response will be limited in development and skills of written communication will be weak. 1-6 L2: Answers will show some understanding of the focus of the question. They will either be almost entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question or they may contain some explicit comment with relevant but limited support. They will display limited understanding of differing historical interpretations. Answers will be coherent but weakly expressed and/or poorly structured. 7-11 L3:Answers will show a developed understanding of the demands of the question. They will provide some assessment, backed by relevant and appropriately selected evidence, but they will lack depth and/or balance. There will be some understanding of varying historical interpretations. Answers will, for the most part, be clearly expressed and show some organisation in the presentation of material. 12-16 L4: Answers will show explicit understanding of the demands of the question. They will develop a balanced argument backed by a good range of appropriately selected evidence and a good understanding of historical interpretations.Answers will, for the most part, show organisation and good skills of written communication. 17-21 Answers will be well-focused and closely argued. The arguments will be supported by precisely selected evidence leading to a relevant conclusion/judgement, incorporating well-developed understanding of historical interpretations and debate. Answers will, for the most part, be carefully organised and fluently written, using appropriate vocabulary. 22-24 L5: Indicative content The impact of the papacy during this period was, at best, variable.Paul III, despite his evident corruption and shortcomings, set up in 1536 the commission which produced the reform proposals contained in the Consilium†¦de Emendanda Ecclesia. Despite papal sponsorship, the Consilium achieved only a small proportion of its objectives, which might re inforce a critical stance concerning Paul III as a proponent of reform. On the other hand, he did set up the Council of Trent, though it achieved little during his pontificate. His successor, Julius III, had little interest in reform, though he did keep the Council in session. Paul IV, though genuinely 11History – AQA GCE Mark Scheme SPECIMEN (June 2010 onwards) interested in reform, almost destroyed the reforming impetus on account of his divisiveness, antagonising both ecclesiastical colleagues such as Cardinal Morone and key Catholic monarchs such as Charles V, Philip II and Ferdinand. Pius IV managed to assuage Paul IV’s bitter legacy and, most importantly, set the Council of Trent back in motion and drove it to a successful conclusion. Other factors assisted the process of reform: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ the effects of the New Orders the early work of the Jesuits the eventual assertiveness of the Council of Trent reforming bishops. 12